MIAMI (AP):

Gilda Sollami left Venezuela five years ago, but her ties to the South American country remain so strong she travelled there in October to vote in the presidential elections.

The candidate she voted for lost. Resigned to seeing President Hugo Chávez in power another six years, she and countless other Venezuelan immigrants settled back into their lives in the United States, convinced change was still far away.

Now with Chávez's health on the line, the future of the country is again awash in uncertainty. For the thousands of Venezuelans who live in Miami, many of them with a foot in two different countries, their future is also in limbo: They are cautiously optimistic new elections will be held in Venezuela but also skeptical change will occur soon.

"It's traumatic to all Venezuelans," said Sollami, 22, whose father still lives in the country.

Nicolas Maduro, Chávez's chosen successor and vice-president, has said Chávez suffered complications due to a respiratory infection and was in a "delicate" condition.

If Chávez is not able to take the presidential oath January 10 before the National Assembly, the constitution states presidential powers should be held by the president of the National Assembly temporarily and a new vote held within 30 days.

Like Cuban exiles who celebrated when Fidel Castro fell ill nearly five years ago, Venezuelans in Miami are hoping the decline in Chávez's health will mean a change in leadership is on the horizon. Yet in the 14 years that Chávez has been in power, the Venezuelans who left have become increasingly rooted in their adopted home.

no going back

Most would not go back, at least immediately, even if he Chávez does die.

"I think 70 per cent will stay here," said Ernesto Ackerman, president of the Independent Venezuelan-American Citizens, a non-profit group. "They are already too well established."

An estimated 189,219 Venezuelan immigrants live in the United States, with 91,091 in the state of Florida, according to US Census figures. The largest concentration is in South Florida, in communities like Doral and Weston that are now affectionately known as 'Doralzuela' and 'Westonzuela' because of their plethora of Venezuelan businesses catering to the community with authentic foods such as arepas and capachas.

Most left either because they did not agree with Chavez's socialist government, became frightened by the high number of killings and kidnappings, or believed they had a better economic future in the United States.

But many still have relatives in Venezuela and travel back to see family and do business.

"They haven't lost their identity of being Venezuelan," said Thomas Boswell, a geography professor at the University of Miami. "They haven't completely assimilated or disappeared, but they have accommodated very quickly to living in the United States."

In some ways, these communities are what Miami's Little Havana was to Cubans who first arrived after the communist revolution in 1959.

There are similarities among those who left both countries: The first arrivals were largely from the middle and upper classes, and brought with them degrees and careers they were able to re-establish to varying success.

Both initially thought their stay would be temporary, only to see it become long term. And both have stayed fiercely attached to their homeland.

The parallels stop there. Chávez was elected and re-elected to two subsequent terms, while Castro took power in a revolution. And while Cubans have benefited from an immigration policy that allows essentially anyone who reaches US shores to stay, Venezuelans have not be awarded the same privileges, though many have become US citizens.

"We should see what happened, and maybe learn from it, but it's two very, very different situations," said Ackerman, the head of the Venezuelan-American group.

Venezuelans in Miami mounted a concerted effort to get out of the vote last year, organising trips to New Orleans by car and bus after Chávez closed the consulate in South Florida. Many hoped opposition leader Henrique Capriles would win, only to be disappointed.